Innovation thinking on safe resource technology of organic solid waste whole-chain pollution reduction and carbon reduction

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China's solid waste production is large, variety, safe and harmless and resource disposal level is low, there is a high risk of environmental pollution. Based on this, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Transport, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, local science and technology departments and associations have jointly formulated key projects for solid waste resources. And set the following goals: Facing the strategic needs of national ecological civilization construction and ensuring the safe supply of resources, focusing on three typical solid wastes of industrial solid waste, domestic waste and renewable resources, focusing on the full technology chain of source reduction - intelligent classification - efficient transformation - clean utilization - deep processing - accurate control, solving two major scientific problems, breaking through six key technologies, forming four major categories of key regional system solutions. So as to lead and enhance China's solid waste resource technology support and guarantee ability.

The state allocated a total of 2.2 billion yuan for the key research and development of solid waste resources, and the implementation period is 2018-2022. After the release of this special project, enterprises in the industry responded positively with high participation.

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Overview of the organic solid waste field

There are many kinds of organic solid waste, with pollution properties and resource properties, which are multiple complex systems. It is called "solid waste", referring to its pollution attributes, the output of organic solid waste in the country is 6-10 billion tons/year, the stock is 20 billion tons, the sources include living sources, agricultural sources and industrial sources, and on the whole, it has the characteristics of high water content and perishable. In terms of resource attributes, the technical means of resource utilization in the harmless treatment of organic solid waste is quite complicated, and technical innovation is urgently needed. The production of biogas by anaerobic digestion is an important link in the harmless process.

Organic sector project deployment

Based on this, China from the "Twelfth Five-Year" period to the "Fourteenth Five-Year" period, to resources, harmless as the core goal, set a series of special, continuous investment to overcome technical problems. The "12th Five-Year Plan" of the "12th Five-Year Plan" of the Waste Resource Technology Project is driven by demand; The key research and development plan of "solid waste recycling" in the "13th Five-Year Plan" period is relatively more concentrated problem-oriented planning; The key projects of "Key technologies and equipment for circular economy" during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period are still being implemented. As of October 2023, a series of projects have completed bidding, in general, these deployments have caused high heat and high participation in the industry, which has greatly promoted the level of innovation in China's organic solid waste technology. Through the above special projects, the organic solid waste resource theory and technical system have been initially formed, laying a scientific and technological foundation for China's transformation from "organic solid waste power" to "organic solid waste power".

Progress and effect of organic plate

Through a series of deployments, technology integration and demonstration have been carried out in typical urban areas such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta, and a number of regional demonstration results have been achieved. The following list is selected from the "13th Five-Year" special condensed results.

In view of the problems of low efficiency of garbage sorting, low level of intelligent collection and transportation, and incomplete management of the whole chain, the integrated technology of sorting - clean collection and transportation - in-situ reduction - pollution control - collaborative resource utilization of the whole chain has been developed, and comprehensive demonstrations have been carried out in Shanghai, Shenzhen, Beijing, Nantong, Zhangjiagang, etc. Multi-source organic solid waste high-parameter clean incineration technology, the development of large-scale incineration equipment, to solve the problem of large-capacity ultra-low emission efficient clean incineration technology integration, and has been successfully demonstrated. Efficient anaerobic biotransformation technology of organic solid waste is a technology aimed at urban and rural organic solid waste and improving the efficiency of anaerobic biotransformation of organic solid waste. It has formed a technical method for organic solid waste biotransformation functional flora and metabolic network regulation, developed functional flora and functional materials, and improved the efficiency of anaerobic conversion. Organic solid waste efficient aerobic biotransformation technology, aiming at aerobic basic theory research, high temperature bacteria culture, process optimization and control, engineering technology application, has achieved a series of results, the formation of organic solid waste good sample biological transformation targeted regulation and control of key technologies, the realization of organic solid waste efficient aerobic biodetrification under different environmental conditions. The high value directional conversion technology of organic solid waste, including the new technology of low energy consumption and high value bioconversion and comprehensive utilization and the development of multiple high value bio-based products, provides technical support for the realization of high value utilization of straw and kitchen waste. Efficient gasification technology of organic solid waste. For inert organic solid waste, the idea of "gasification + methanol, hydrogen production X" is proposed, and new technologies such as regenerative gasification - incineration, multiple slurry gasification - melting, moving bed gasification thermoelectricity/hot carbon are developed, and the in-depth utilization of products is realized. Through thermochemical treatment and gasification, hydrogen is produced. Including how to produce hydrogen and other chemicals from methane produced by anaerobic digestion, is the direction of future research. The collaborative disposal technology of organic solid waste in parks explores a large-scale collaborative disposal mode for organic solid waste in parks, and improves engineering benefits. At present, it has been promoted and applied in 12 places and supported the formulation of 6 local documents and 12 national policies.

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The guidelines have changed - "from focus regulation to systematic governance", "from practical exploration to scientific theoretical guidance"

The first is from the focus to the system governance, that is, it must be considered the whole chain, in the past may be more from the harmless perspective to seek technological breakthroughs, the future needs to combine business models and other innovation from the system perspective; The second is from practical exploration to scientific theory guidance, to strengthen the innovation of basic theories of science and technology, including theoretical research on principles, hoping to achieve breakthroughs in new technologies, new principles and new methods on the basis of existing technologies.

The concept of innovation has changed - from "single goal of pollution prevention" to "green-low-carbon health multi-goal collaborative governance"

Through low-carbon green disposal technology, to achieve green development, ecological health, safety and low-carbon multi-goals, which will be an important factor to be considered in future technology research and development innovation.

From the concept of "pollutant - harmless one-way process" to the concept of "pollutant - recycling process"

In the past many years, the core of environmental governance is pollution control, and the disposal of organic solid waste is aimed at harmless. Now facing the development trend of the healthy development of the ecological environment, carbon reduction and pollution reduction, and green development, the future organic solid waste disposal technology can not only focus on harmless, but take harmless as the goal, fully consider the means of resource utilization, and realize the cycle process of pollutant-resource utilization.

Dual-carbon goal to promote innovation - organic solid waste "pollution reduction - carbon reduction - safety - resource" full chain collaborative promotion

Under the dual-carbon goal, the technological innovation of the future organic solid waste disposal technology route should be promoted in accordance with the full chain of pollution reduction - carbon reduction - safety - resource utilization, that is, reducing pollutants, reducing carbon emissions, ensuring safety, including the removal of new pollutants, and resource utilization should be taken into account.

It is also very important to note that the future direction of technology research and development, in addition to pollutant control, also needs to consider carbon emission reduction standards, especially if perishable organic solid waste is not properly treated and disposed of, carbon emissions will be very high, so it is necessary to drive the innovation of new technologies from carbon-pollution dual index constraints.

Innovation management upgrading and evolution

In the past, the whole chain at the technical level has been emphasized, but the whole chain at the management level is actually equally important, especially the business model and the charging mechanism. Solid waste is essentially a pollutant. In order to ensure the healthy development of urban and rural areas, it is necessary to set up a reasonable charging mechanism for the removal of pollutants, and only on this basis can resources be maximized. Focusing only on solid waste is a resource, but it makes it difficult for some projects to land and develop sustainably. At home and abroad, there is a big gap in the cost of waste treatment, straw biogas subsidy, and the understanding of the relationship between harmless and resource utilization. In the future, we should realize the full chain at the technical level and the full chain at the management level.

At present, interdisciplinary integration is an important way of scientific and technological innovation, especially biology, materials science and informatics, which provides a good opportunity for organic solid waste technology innovation. In addition, it implements the innovation model of deep integration of production, university and research, carries out the whole chain innovation, and promotes the development of scientific and technological achievements "from the shelf to the shelf".

Technical development direction of organic solid waste field

The development direction of biological technology in the field of organic solid waste, including technological innovation in the efficiency improvement of anaerobic digestion technology such as high solid content/synergy, DIET, isoelectric point, etc., efficient recovery of organic solid waste nitrogen and phosphorus resources, environmentally friendly and efficient solid-liquid separation technology and methods, are all worthy of expectation in the future. In terms of thermochemical treatment, pyrolysis gasification hydrogen production, incineration power generation, electrolytic water hydrogen production technology, catalytic pyrolysis and directed conversion technology, master control, high parameter clean incineration, etc., are all hot technical directions in the future.

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In general, China's organic solid waste has large output, multi-media, complex composition, dual attributes of pollution and resources, and traditional treatment and disposal technology has low conversion efficiency and insufficient utilization of resources. Under the new situation, with the fundamental changes in the objectives and concepts of organic solid waste treatment, the safety and resource utilization of the whole chain of urban and rural organic solid waste pollution reduction and carbon reduction is the future development direction, harmless is the fundamental, resource utilization is the means, and reasonable cost mechanism can guarantee the healthy development of the industry. Scientific and technological innovation is the key core element of organic solid waste treatment to achieve pollution reduction and carbon reduction, synergistic efficiency, and meet the future carbon-pollution dual indicators. In the future, driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution, under the new situation of research paradigm, deep integration of industry, university and research, it is believed that China's organic solid waste treatment will make breakthroughs and development, and walk in the forefront of the world.