Technical opinion of organic fertilizer replacement for main crops in Shandong Province

Replacing fertilizer with organic fertilizer is a practical demand for realizing the resource utilization of organic waste and improving the rural ecological environment, an important technical way to implement fertilizer reduction and efficiency, improve the quality of cultivated land, and improve the quality and efficiency of agricultural products, and an important measure to promote the green and high-quality development of agriculture. In order to do a good job in the promotion and application of organic fertilizer instead of fertilizer technology, this technical guidance is formulated.

First, basic principles

(1) Adhere to organic and inorganic cooperation. Comprehensive consideration of crop nutrient requirements and regional soil fertility status, guide farmers to increase the application of organic fertilizer, with formula fertilizer, slow controlled release fertilizer and other new fertilizer application, play the synergistic effect between organic and inorganic nutrients.

2. Continue to coordinate reductions with efficiency gains. Appropriately increase the input of organic fertilizer, optimize the fertilizer structure, use organic nutrients to replace some fertilizer nutrients, promote fertilizer reduction and efficiency, and promote the quality of cultivated land and green, high-quality and efficient agriculture.

(3) Adhere to the planting and breeding cycle. By building mechanisms, creating models, expanding markets, and smooth circulation, we can open up the blocking point of the breeding cycle, form a breeding cycle development model with the integration of farming and breeding and the close connection between farmers, service organizations and planting subjects, promote the local and nearby return of manure to the field, and promote the green and high-quality development of agriculture.

Second, the main crop organic fertilizer replacement fertilizer technology

(1) Main food crops. It is recommended to apply new fertilizers such as crop-specific formula fertilizer, slow controlled release fertilizer, organic and inorganic compound fertilizer. Farmers will be guided to apply more organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost and organic water-soluble fertilizer instead of some chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost and commercial organic fertilizer are mainly applied as base fertilizer in autumn or before wheat sowing. Organic water-soluble fertilizer is mostly used as topdressing at the later stage of crop growth. The application amount of compost is generally 1 ~ 2 tons/mu; The application amount of commercial organic fertilizer is generally 0.2 ~ 0.5 tons/mu, and the fertilizer amount is reduced by 10% ~ 20% due to land and crop substitution. Due to the slow release of organic fertilizer nutrients, the amount of substitute fertilizer should be scientifically determined according to the target yield of main food crops, soil nutrient content and characteristics of organic fertilizers. For plots that have not applied organic fertilizer for a long time, drastic reduction of fertilizer application should be avoided in the current year.

(2) Main fruit crops. It is recommended to apply new fertilizers such as organic and inorganic compound fertilizer, organic water-soluble fertilizer and special formula fertilizer. According to local conditions, orchard grass planting and natural grass growing should be developed, and organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost should be scientifically applied to replace some fertilizer. Orchard green fertilizer should be mainly cultivated by surface cover, which can be planted for many years a year without cutting and turning. The poor orchards in dry land are suitable for planting high drought resistance and low water consumption leguminous green manure crops such as hairy leaf 苕子 and Guangleaf 苕子. There are better irrigated orchards can also be planted mousegrass, February orchid and other gramineae, cruciferous green fertilizer crops. Within 1 to 5 years of green manure mulching cultivation, the yield of green manure fresh grass is appropriate to 1.5 to 3 tons/mu, and the amount of reduced fertilizer can be increased year by year, usually replacing the amount of reduced fertilizer by 10% to 30%. Promote composting of livestock and poultry manure, straw, etc. on the spot and return to the field for use, and compost of spoilage is mainly applied before winter or after fruit picking. The application amount of compost is generally 2 ~ 3 tons/mu; The application amount of commercial organic fertilizer is generally 0.4 ~ 0.8 tons/mu, and the application amount of fertilizer is reduced by 15% ~ 25% due to local causality. Because of the different fertilizer efficiency of different organic fertilizers, the amount of alternative fertilizer should be scientifically determined according to the target yield of orchard and soil nutrient content. New orchards should appropriately increase the amount of organic fertilizer, while avoiding a large reduction in fertilizer application in the same year.

(3) Main vegetable crops. It is recommended to apply organic water-soluble fertilizer, bio-organic fertilizer, organic and inorganic compound fertilizer and other new fertilizers. Organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost and microbial fertilizers were applied to replace some of the reduced fertilizers. Organic water-soluble fertilizer has fast nutrient absorption and high fertilizer efficiency. It is mainly applied by water and fertilizer integration and foliar spraying, which can reduce the amount of topdressing by more than 30% compared with conventional fertilization. Organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost are mainly applied as base fertilizer before sowing, and can be ploughed into the soil by means of uniform spreading and strip ditch application. The application amount of compost is generally 2-5 tons/mu; The application amount of commercial organic fertilizer is generally 0.4 ~ 0.8 tons/mu, and the fertilizer amount is reduced by 10% ~ 25% due to land and crop substitution. Because of the different fertilizer efficiency of different organic fertilizers, the amount of alternative fertilizer should be determined according to the target yield of different vegetable crops and soil nutrient content. For vegetable fields or new vegetable greenhouses that have not applied organic fertilizer for a long time, the amount of organic fertilizer should be appropriately increased, and the application of chemical fertilizer should be avoided.

Three, the main organic fertilizer quality requirements and application technology

(1) decomposed compost. With livestock manure and straw as the main raw materials, under artificial control conditions (moisture, carbon nitrogen ratio and ventilation, etc.), through microbial fermentation, organic matter is degraded, and a product suitable for land use is produced, and the quality should meet the requirements of the "Technical Code for livestock manure composting" (NY/T3442-2019). The manure and auxiliary materials were mixed evenly, the water content was controlled by 45% ~ 65%, the carbon to nitrogen ratio was 20:1 ~ 40:1, the pH was 5.5 ~ 9.0, and the organic material maturing agent was inoculated according to the mass of the compost material by 0.1% ~ 0.2%, and the pile temperature was regulated to fully decompose. Before compost is returned to the field, it must be carried out in accordance with the "Technical Specification for Harmless Treatment of Livestock and Poultry Manure" (GB/T36195-2018), and the amount, time and method of compost application should be scientifically and reasonably determined according to the "Technical Specification for Livestock and Poultry Manure Return to the field" (GB/T25246-2010), so as to avoid excessive and too concentrated application. The decomposed compost can be applied by mechanical spreading, strip ditch application, hole application and other fertilization methods, and then ploughed into the soil.

(2) Commercial organic fertilizer. Organic materials containing carbon, which are mainly derived from plants and/or animals and have been fermented and matured, and their functions are to improve soil fertility, provide plant nutrition, and improve crop quality, and the quality should meet the requirements of Organic Fertilizer (NY/T525-2021). It can be used as base fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer, and centralized application by means of point application, ditch application and ring application. When applied, it should keep a certain distance from the roots of the plants, and apply it in the middle of the two rows of crops or in the hole between the plants. It can be mixed with chemical fertilizer and applied into the soil with mechanical seeding to avoid the simultaneous application of alkaline fertilizer.

(3) Bio-organic fertilizer. A type of fertilizer with both microbial and organic fertilizer effects, which is composed of specific functional microorganisms and organic materials mainly derived from animal and plant residues (livestock and poultry feces, crop stalks, etc.) and has been harmless treated and decomposed, shall meet the requirements of Bio-Organic Fertilizer (NY884-2012). Bio-organic fertilizer can increase the supply of nutrients needed by plants or promote plant growth and increase yield through the life activities of microorganisms contained in it. It can be used as base fertilizer in combination with chemical fertilizer to appropriately reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer. It can be applied by means of scattered application, hole application, ditch application, etc., and cover the soil in time. Before application, it is necessary to pay attention to the production date, application amount, application method and other information, and apply within the effective period. Avoid application under high temperature and drought conditions, avoid direct sunlight for a long time after application, and should not be mixed with fungicides and pesticides.

(4) Organic and inorganic compound fertilizer. The quality of compound fertilizer containing a certain amount of organic fertilizer should meet the requirements of "Organic and Inorganic Compound Fertilizer" (GB/T18877-2020). The application of organic and inorganic compound fertilizers on main cash crops can not only produce the advantages of rapid fertilizer efficiency and sufficient supply of inorganic parts, but also play the advantages of increasing soil organic matter content and improving soil fertility of organic parts, and can replace the reduction of fertilizer application. Organic and inorganic compound fertilizer with higher phosphorus and potassium content can be used as base fertilizer instead of common compound fertilizer. High nitrogen organic inorganic compound fertilizer can be used as topdressing fertilizer. Organic and inorganic compound fertilizer can be applied in strip, point and hole application, and should avoid direct contact with seeds.

(5) organic water-soluble fertilizer. Organic resources such as free amino acids, humic acid, seaweed extract, chitosan, polyglutamic acid, polyaspartate, molasses, low-value fish and fermentation degradation products are used as the main raw materials. Through physical, chemical and/or biological processes, The quality of liquid or solid water-soluble fertilizers containing biostimulant components that are processed by adding an appropriate amount of large, medium and (or) trace elements as required by plant growth should meet the requirements of the General Requirements for Organic Water-soluble Fertilizers (NY/T3831-2021). Organic water-soluble fertilizer is easy to dissolve in water, fast nutrient absorption and high fertilizer efficiency. It is mainly applied by leaf spraying, seed dipping and root dipping, water and fertilizer integration, etc. When applying, the concentration of fertilizer should be strictly controlled to avoid excessive concentration causing fertilizer damage or low concentration reducing fertilizer effect. Foliar spraying should be carried out in the critical growth period of crops. The integrated application of water and fertilizer should control the content of water insoluble matter according to the type of irrigation system, pay attention to the reaction of fertilizer and irrigation water and the compatibility of fertilizer mixture, so as to avoid blocking the irrigator.

(6) Agricultural marsh fertilizer. With organic waste such as livestock and poultry manure and straw as raw materials, solid and liquid fertilizer produced by adequate anaerobic fermentation, that is, biogas residue fertilizer and biogas slurry fertilizer, the quality of agricultural marsh fertilizer should meet the requirements of "Agricultural biogas Slurry" (GB/T40750-2021) and "Marsh Fertilizer" (NY/T2596-2022). Biogas residue fertilizer is mainly used as base fertilizer, which is applied by spreading, strip and hole application, and ploughed into the soil. Biogas slurry fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer. After dilution and filtration, it can be applied by sprinkling irrigation, drip irrigation and foliar spraying. Marsh fertilizer should be applied scientifically after harmless and stable treatment, and long-term overapplication should be avoided. After full aeration, the marsh fertilizer can be applied according to the main growth period of the crops, and the application amount should be calculated according to the crop, soil nutrients, soil moisture and other conditions.

Replacing fertilizer with organic fertilizer is a practical demand for realizing the resource utilization of organic waste and improving the rural ecological environment, an important technical way to implement fertilizer reduction and efficiency, improve the quality of cultivated land, and improve the quality and efficiency of agricultural products, and an important measure to promote the green and high-quality development of agriculture. In order to do a good job in the promotion and application of organic fertilizer instead of fertilizer technology, this technical guidance is formulated.

First, basic principles

(1) Adhere to organic and inorganic cooperation. Comprehensive consideration of crop nutrient requirements and regional soil fertility status, guide farmers to increase the application of organic fertilizer, with formula fertilizer, slow controlled release fertilizer and other new fertilizer application, play the synergistic effect between organic and inorganic nutrients.

2. Continue to coordinate reductions with efficiency gains. Appropriately increase the input of organic fertilizer, optimize the fertilizer structure, use organic nutrients to replace some fertilizer nutrients, promote fertilizer reduction and efficiency, and promote the quality of cultivated land and green, high-quality and efficient agriculture.

(3) Adhere to the planting and breeding cycle. By building mechanisms, creating models, expanding markets, and smooth circulation, we can open up the blocking point of the breeding cycle, form a breeding cycle development model with the integration of farming and breeding and the close connection between farmers, service organizations and planting subjects, promote the local and nearby return of manure to the field, and promote the green and high-quality development of agriculture.

Second, the main crop organic fertilizer replacement fertilizer technology

(1) Main food crops. It is recommended to apply new fertilizers such as crop-specific formula fertilizer, slow controlled release fertilizer, organic and inorganic compound fertilizer. Farmers will be guided to apply more organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost and organic water-soluble fertilizer instead of some chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost and commercial organic fertilizer are mainly applied as base fertilizer in autumn or before wheat sowing. Organic water-soluble fertilizer is mostly used as topdressing at the later stage of crop growth. The application amount of compost is generally 1 ~ 2 tons/mu; The application amount of commercial organic fertilizer is generally 0.2 ~ 0.5 tons/mu, and the fertilizer amount is reduced by 10% ~ 20% due to land and crop substitution. Due to the slow release of organic fertilizer nutrients, the amount of substitute fertilizer should be scientifically determined according to the target yield of main food crops, soil nutrient content and characteristics of organic fertilizers. For plots that have not applied organic fertilizer for a long time, drastic reduction of fertilizer application should be avoided in the current year.

(2) Main fruit crops. It is recommended to apply new fertilizers such as organic and inorganic compound fertilizer, organic water-soluble fertilizer and special formula fertilizer. According to local conditions, orchard grass planting and natural grass growing should be developed, and organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost should be scientifically applied to replace some fertilizer. Orchard green fertilizer should be mainly cultivated by surface cover, which can be planted for many years a year without cutting and turning. The poor orchards in dry land are suitable for planting high drought resistance and low water consumption leguminous green manure crops such as hairy leaf 苕子 and Guangleaf 苕子. There are better irrigated orchards can also be planted mousegrass, February orchid and other gramineae, cruciferous green fertilizer crops. Within 1 to 5 years of green manure mulching cultivation, the yield of green manure fresh grass is appropriate to 1.5 to 3 tons/mu, and the amount of reduced fertilizer can be increased year by year, usually replacing the amount of reduced fertilizer by 10% to 30%. Promote composting of livestock and poultry manure, straw, etc. on the spot and return to the field for use, and compost of spoilage is mainly applied before winter or after fruit picking. The application amount of compost is generally 2 ~ 3 tons/mu; The application amount of commercial organic fertilizer is generally 0.4 ~ 0.8 tons/mu, and the application amount of fertilizer is reduced by 15% ~ 25% due to local causality. Because of the different fertilizer efficiency of different organic fertilizers, the amount of alternative fertilizer should be scientifically determined according to the target yield of orchard and soil nutrient content. New orchards should appropriately increase the amount of organic fertilizer, while avoiding a large reduction in fertilizer application in the same year.

(3) Main vegetable crops. It is recommended to apply organic water-soluble fertilizer, bio-organic fertilizer, organic and inorganic compound fertilizer and other new fertilizers. Organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost and microbial fertilizers were applied to replace some of the reduced fertilizers. Organic water-soluble fertilizer has fast nutrient absorption and high fertilizer efficiency. It is mainly applied by water and fertilizer integration and foliar spraying, which can reduce the amount of topdressing by more than 30% compared with conventional fertilization. Organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost are mainly applied as base fertilizer before sowing, and can be ploughed into the soil by means of uniform spreading and strip ditch application. The application amount of compost is generally 2-5 tons/mu; The application amount of commercial organic fertilizer is generally 0.4 ~ 0.8 tons/mu, and the fertilizer amount is reduced by 10% ~ 25% due to land and crop substitution. Because of the different fertilizer efficiency of different organic fertilizers, the amount of alternative fertilizer should be determined according to the target yield of different vegetable crops and soil nutrient content. For vegetable fields or new vegetable greenhouses that have not applied organic fertilizer for a long time, the amount of organic fertilizer should be appropriately increased, and the application of chemical fertilizer should be avoided.

Three, the main organic fertilizer quality requirements and application technology

(1) decomposed compost. With livestock manure and straw as the main raw materials, under artificial control conditions (moisture, carbon nitrogen ratio and ventilation, etc.), through microbial fermentation, organic matter is degraded, and a product suitable for land use is produced, and the quality should meet the requirements of the "Technical Code for livestock manure composting" (NY/T3442-2019). The manure and auxiliary materials were mixed evenly, the water content was controlled by 45% ~ 65%, the carbon to nitrogen ratio was 20:1 ~ 40:1, the pH was 5.5 ~ 9.0, and the organic material maturing agent was inoculated according to the mass of the compost material by 0.1% ~ 0.2%, and the pile temperature was regulated to fully decompose. Before compost is returned to the field, it must be carried out in accordance with the "Technical Specification for Harmless Treatment of Livestock and Poultry Manure" (GB/T36195-2018), and the amount, time and method of compost application should be scientifically and reasonably determined according to the "Technical Specification for Livestock and Poultry Manure Return to the field" (GB/T25246-2010), so as to avoid excessive and too concentrated application. The decomposed compost can be applied by mechanical spreading, strip ditch application, hole application and other fertilization methods, and then ploughed into the soil.

(2) Commercial organic fertilizer. Organic materials containing carbon, which are mainly derived from plants and/or animals and have been fermented and matured, and their functions are to improve soil fertility, provide plant nutrition, and improve crop quality, and the quality should meet the requirements of Organic Fertilizer (NY/T525-2021). It can be used as base fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer, and centralized application by means of point application, ditch application and ring application. Should be applied with